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Do pressure treated joists need to be 18" above exposed grade?

R319.1 Location required.

In areas subject to decay damage as established by Table R301.2(1), the following locations shall require the use of an approved species and grade of lumber, pressure treated in accordance with AWPA C1, C2, C3, C4, C9, C15, C18, C22, C23, C24, C28, C31, C33, P1, P2 and P3, or decay-resistant heartwood of redwood, black locust, or cedars.

1. Wood joists or the bottom of a wood structural floor when closer than 18 inches (457 mm) or wood girders when closer than 12 inches (305 mm) to the exposed ground in crawl spaces or unexcavated area located within the periphery of the building foundation.

Just when it is closer than those numbers......2003 IRC
 
Treated framing can be closer then 18" to grade. However, it will be very expensive for subcontractors to wiggle through such a low space to install ducts, pipes, & wiring, and even more expensive for the homewoner if any of these need to be repaired in the future. I try to make crawl spaces at least 3 ft. high.
 
Although the same can be said for a slab on grade. I believe a permanent wood basement can have treated sleepers on gravel and a treated plywood floor. But having beat myself black and blue under low crawlspaces I do agree with Paul.
 
many pt lumber options based on percent or type of treatment

Most yard materials are rated "Ground Contact" so yup they can touch the ground (or almost)

and when the framer / deck builder buries those puppies in concrete I tell em about "Direct Burial" listing and suggest the delicate use of the Saws All and a shovel.

here is a more definitive design guide I use when making such selections

http://www.bp-plus.com/pdf/treated_wood_specguide.pdf

w
 
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